Java Programming I 2026

default (package private – access in other classes within the same package)

public (visible everywhere)

protected (only access in its own class, its subclass and other classes within the same package)

private (only access in its own class)

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html

Person Struct (in C) PersonStructC

Person Class (in C++) PersonClassCPlusPlus

Person Class (in C#) PersonClassCSharp

Person Class (in Java) PersonClassJava

Object − objects have states and behaviors.
Class – defines the grouping of data and code, the “type” of an object
Instance – a specific allocation of a class
Message – sent to objects to make them act
Method – a “function” that an object knows how to perform
Local Variables − variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks
Instance Variables – variables within a class but outside any method (a specific piece of data belonging to an object)
Class Variables − variables declared within a class, outside any method, with the static keyword
Encapsulation – keep implementation private and seperate from interface
Polymorphism – different objects, same interface
Inheritance – hierarchical organization, share code, customize or extend behaviors

pass value type by value (값형식을 값에 의한 전달)

// 변수 int a, int b는 값을 전달  
void swap(int a, int b)
{
    int temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

// 변수 int* a, int *b는 주소값을 전달
void swap(int* a, int* b)
{
    int temp = *a;
    *a = *b;
    *b = temp;
}

// Java uses pass-by-value
static void swap(int p, int q) {
    int t = p;
    p = q;
    q = t;
}

// Java uses pass-by-value
static void swap2(int[] p, int[] q) {
    int t = p[0];
    p[0] = q[0];
    q[0] = t;
}

// Java uses pass-by-value
static void swap(int[] p, int[] q) {
    int[] t = p;
    p = q;
    q = t;
}

// Java uses pass-by-value
static void swap2(int[][] p, int[][] q)  {
    int[] t = p[0];
    p[0] = q[0];
    q[0] = t;
}

// Java uses pass-by-value
static void swap(Point p, Point q) {
    Point t = p;
    p = q;
    q = t;
}

// Java uses pass-by-value
static void swap2(Point p, Point q) {
    double[] t = p.get(); // T t = p
    p.set(q.get());  // p = q
    q.set(t);  // q = t
}

////////////////////////////////////////

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Point p1 = new Point(10.5, 10.7);
    Point p2 = new Point(1.5, 1.7);

    swap(p1, p2);
    System.out.println(“After swap p1=” + p1 + ” p2 ” + p2); // p1=(10.5, 10.7) p2=(1.5, 1.7)
    swap2(p1, p2);
    System.out.println(“After swap2 p1=” + p1 + ” p2 ” + p2); // p1=(1.5, 1.7) p2=(10.5, 10.7)

    int[] arr1 = { 1, 2, 3 };
    int[] arr2 = { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 };
    swap(arr1, arr2);
    System.out.print(“arr1: “);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr1)); // arr1: [1, 2, 3]
    System.out.print(“arr2: “);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr2)); // arr2: [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

    int[][] array1 = { new int[] { 1, 2, 3 } };
    int[][] array2 = { new int[] { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 } };
    swap2(array1, array2);
    System.out.print(“array1: “);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(array1[0])); // array1: [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
    System.out.print(“array2: “);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(array2[0])); // array2: [1, 2, 3]

    int a = 10;
    int b = 20;
    swap(a, b);
    System.out.println(“a=” + a); // a=10
    System.out.println(“b=” + b); // b=20

    int[] a2 = { 10 };
    int[] b2 = { 20 };
    swap2(a2, b2);
    System.out.println(“a2=” + a2[0]); // a2 = 20
    System.out.println(“b2=” + b2[0]); // b2 = 10
}

//pass value type by value (값형식을 값에 의한 전달) – copy of value 전달

static void square1(int x) {
    x *= x;
    System.out.printf("The value inside square1: %d\n", x);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    int i = 5; 
    System.out.println("Before i=" + i);
    square1(i);
    System.out.println("After i=" + i + "\n\n");
}

//Before i=5
//The value inside square1: 25
//After i=5

//pass reference type by value (참조형식을 값에 의한 전달) – copy of reference 전달

static void square2(IntValue value) {
    value.x *= value.x;
    System.out.printf("The value inside square2: %d\n", value.x);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    int i = 5;
    IntValue value = new IntValue(i);
    System.out.println("Before value.x=" + value.x);
    square2(value);
    System.out.println("After value.x=" + value.x + "\n\n");
}

//Before value.x=5
//The value inside square2: 25
//After value.x=25

static void changeArray1(int[] arr) {
    arr[0]=888; // arr -> myArray이므로 원본 배열의 첫번째 값은 888로 변경
    System.out.println("changeArray1 arr=" + Arrays.stream(arr).mapToObj(String::valueOf).collect(Collectors.joining(",")));
    arr = new int[] {-3, -1, -2, -3, -4}; // local 변수로 새롭게 할당하여 지정 그러나 원본 배열 변경 안됨
    System.out.println("changeArray1 arr=" + Arrays.stream(arr).mapToObj(String::valueOf).collect(Collectors.joining(",")));
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    int[] myArray = {1, 4, 5};
    System.out.println("Before myArray=" + Arrays.stream(myArray).mapToObj(String::valueOf).collect(Collectors.joining(",")));
    changeArray1(myArray);
    System.out.println("After changeArray1 myArray=" + Arrays.stream(myArray).mapToObj(String::valueOf).collect(Collectors.joining(",")));
}

//Before myArray=1, 4, 5
//changeArray1 arr=888, 4, 5
//changeArray1 arr=-3, -1, -2, -3, -4
//After myArray=888, 4, 5

static void changeArray2(IntValue[] arr) {
    arr[0].x=888; // 원본 배열의 첫번째 값은 888로 변경
    System.out.println("changeArray2 arr=" + Arrays.stream(arr).map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.joining(",")));
    arr = new IntValue[] { new IntValue(-3), new IntValue(-1), new IntValue(-2), new IntValue(-3), new IntValue(-4)};  // local 변수로 새롭게 할당하여 지정 그러나 원본 배열 변경 안됨
    System.out.println("changeArray2 arr=" + Arrays.stream(arr).map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.joining(",")));
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    IntValue[] myArray2 = { new IntValue(1), new IntValue(4), new IntValue(5)};
    System.out.println("Before myArray2=" + Arrays.stream(myArray2).map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.joining(",")));
    changeArray2(myArray2);
    System.out.println("After myArray2=" + Arrays.stream(myArray2).map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.joining(",")));
}

// Before myArray2=1, 4, 5
// changeArray2 arr=888, 4, 5
// changeArray2 arr=-3, -1, -2, -3, -4
// After myArray2=888,4,5